Shortened Forms of the Verb ‘to be’
I’m |
I am |
you’re |
you are |
he’s |
he is |
she’s |
she is |
we’re |
we are |
it’s |
it is |
isn’t |
is not |
aren’t |
are not |
they’re |
they are |
there’s |
there is |
wasn’t |
was not |
weren’t |
were not |
Shortened Forms of the Verb ‘to have’
I’ve |
I have |
you’ve |
you have |
he’s |
he has |
she’s |
she has |
it’s |
it has |
we’ve |
we have |
they’ve |
they have |
there’s |
there has |
hasn’t |
has not |
haven’t |
have not |
I’d |
I had |
you’d |
you had |
he’d |
he had |
she’d |
she had |
it’d |
it had |
we’d |
we had |
they’d |
they had |
Short
Forms of Verb ‘to Do’
doesn’t |
does not |
don’t |
do not |
didn’t |
did not |
Shortened
Forms of Modal Auxiliary Verb ‘Will’
I’ll |
I will |
you’ll |
you will |
he’ll |
he will |
she’ll |
she will |
we’ll |
we will |
they’ll |
they will |
there’ll |
there will |
Shortened
Forms of Modal Auxiliary Verb ‘Would’
I’d |
I would |
you’d |
you would |
he’d |
he would |
she’d |
she would |
it’d |
it would |
we’d |
we would |
they’d |
they would |
there’d |
there had |
there’d |
there would |
Shortened
Forms of Modal Verbs
can’t |
cannot |
couldn’t |
could not |
daren’t |
dare not |
hadn’t |
had not |
mightn’t |
might not |
mustn’t |
must not |
needn’t |
need not |
oughtn’t |
ought not |
shan’t |
shall not |
shouldn’t |
should not |
usedn’t |
used not |
won’t |
will not |
wouldn’t |
would not |
Short forms (contractions): I’m, he’s, we’re, etc. |
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I |
he, she, it |
we, you, they |
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am = ’m |
I’m |
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is = ’s |
he’s, she's, it's |
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are = ’re |
we’re, you’re, they’re |
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have = ’ve |
I've |
we've, you've, they've |
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has = ’s |
he's, she's, it's |
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would = ’d |
I'd |
he'd, she'd, it'd |
we'd, you'd, they'd |
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will = ’ll |
I'll |
he'll, she'll, it'll |
we'll, you'll, they'll |
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Short forms (contractions) of negatives: |
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don't, doesn't, haven't, etc. |
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isn’t (= is not) |
hasn’t (= has not) |
don’t (= do not) |
can’t (= cannot) |
aren’t (= are not) |
haven’t (= have not) |
doesn’t (= does not) |
couldn’t (= could not) |
wasn’t (= was not) |
hadn’t (= had not) |
didn’t (= did not) |
won’t (= will not) |
weren’t (= were not) |
wouldn’t (= would not) |
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shouldn’t (= should not) |
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mustn’t (= must not) |
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needn’t (= need not) |
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mightn’t (= might not) |
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daren’t (= dare not) |
The contraction ’s can mean is or has
▪ He’s going to the
cinema. (= ‘he is going’)
▪ He’s gone to the
cinema. (= ‘he has gone’)
▪ It’s getting dark. (=
‘it is getting’)
▪
It’s got dark. (= ‘it has got’)
See
a further explanation and more examples: It’s = it is or it has.
How to tell the difference.
The contraction ’d can mean would or had
▪ I’d = I would or I
had
▪ You’d = you would or
you had
▪ He’d = he would or
he had
▪ She’d = she would or
she had
▪
It’d = it would or it had
▪ We’d = we would or
we had
▪
They’d = they would or they had
See
a full explanation with more examples: I’d = would or I had.
Let’s = let us
▪ It’s sunny – let’s go
to the park for a picnic. (= ‘let us go’)
▪
It’s raining – let’s watch a film at home. (= ‘let us watch’)
How’s, what’s, etc.
We often use some short
forms with question words (how, which, what, etc.) in
spoken English:
Short forms (contractions) of question words: how,
who, what, etc. |
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who |
who’s = who is |
Who’s that man
over there? |
who |
who’d = who would |
Who’d like some
tea? |
who |
who’ll = who will |
Who’ll be here
tomorrow? |
what |
what’s = what is |
What’s for dinner?
|
what |
what’ll = what will |
What’ll happen if .
. . ? |
how |
how’s = how is |
How’s your
father? |
where |
where’s = where is |
Where’s the nearest
shop? |
when |
when’s = when is |
When’s your
birthday? |
Here’s, there’s, that’s
We can also use some short
forms with here, there, and that:
Short forms (contractions): here, there, that
here |
here’s = here is |
Here’s the kitchen and here’s the bathroom. |
there |
there’s = there is |
There’s a great pub in the village. |
there |
there’d = there would |
If people drove less, there’d be less pollution. |
there |
there’ll = there will |
If you come early, there’ll be more time to talk. |
that |
that’s = that is |
That’s my house over there. |
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